A large number of institutions now provide services to older adults in Lebanon, though the majority is found in urban areas. Furthermore, a number of local NGOs are active both as service providers and advocacy groups. Informed by the active aging movement, and research and meetings in Lebanon, CSA has been advocating for instituting structural In sum, there are many issues to consider in the area of aging policy in Lebanon. These include: the need to develop an overarching social security program for all elders, the provision of government supported formal care options, as well as better oversight and regulation of in-home immigrant care workers.
Emerging Issues Political instabilities in Lebanon affect the well being of all age groups, but older adults are particularly vulnerable. Such events introduce potential demographic changes not only when they happen inside a country but also when they take place in neighboring countries.
The political conflict in Syria, which has generated one of the largest refugee crises in modern times, has exerted a heavy toll on Lebanon. While most of the displacement is internal, a large proportion of Syrians who were forced to leave their homes have fled to neighboring countries—Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. Among the refugee receiving countries, Lebanon has perhaps been most affected due to its small population and its own political instabilities.
Yet, in contrast to Turkey and Jordan, and in part because of its own political situation, the Lebanese government has not been included as full partner in the international humanitarian response to the Syrian refugee crisis. In a country of four million citizens, this means that one in every five people in Lebanon is a Syrian refugee. Oftentimes, the needs of older refugees are neglected as most of the attention of international relief agencies turns to preventing malnutrition and infectious disease among children and women of reproductive age.
Moreover, older adults were twice as likely as the general Syrian refugee population to express symptoms of psychological distress. In sum, Lebanon is a country in the Arab region experiencing a rapidly aging population and unique economic circumstances.
Demographic shifts due to declining fertility and mortality rates are compounded by high rates of out-migration. Research on aging is growing, with focused attention to the issues of living arrangements, social relations, and health. Policy challenges abound concerning the financial and social realms. For better or worse, the unique historical, political, and security issues of Lebanon offer an unusual window into the large number of factors that can influence the aging experience.
References Abdulrahim Servant, daughter, or employee? The health of female migrant workers in the Arab region. In Giacaman Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Survey methods and aging research in an Arab sociocultural context — a case study from Beirut, Lebanon. Developing capacities in aging studies in the MiddleEast: implementation of an Arabic version of the CANE among community-dwelling older adults in Lebanon. Healthcare for older persons: A country profile—Lebanon.
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In McDaniel Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing. Gender differences in physical disability among older adults in underprivileged communities in Lebanon. Arab migration patterns: the mashreq. Arab Migration in a Globalized World pp. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration.
International migration and remittances to a Lebanese village. Social relations in Lebanon: convoys across the life course. The Gerontologist. The convoy model: Explaining social relations from a multidisciplinary perspective. Factors associated with poor nutritional status among community dwelling Lebanese elderly subjects living in rural areas: results of the AMEL study.
Religiosity and depression in older people: Evidence from underprivileged refugee and non-refugee communities in Lebanon. Work and mental health: the case of older men living in underprivileged communities in Lebanon. The role of gender in the association of social capital, social support, and economic security with self-rated health among older adults in deprived communities in Beirut. Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Studies on Aging.
Obesity in the Lebanese elderly: prevalence, relative risks and anthropometrical measurements. Migration of Lebanese nurses: a questionnaire and secondary data analysis. The Arab American family. In Mindel New York: Elsevier. With respect to older adults, a limited number of secondary data are available to researchers interested in the study of aging.
After collecting household socioeconomic data and basic demographic data on all household members, surveys were completed with adolescents, women of reproductive age, and older adults separately.
Data on disability and health status were also collected. Anthropometric measures The Urban Health Survey UHS -Older Adult Component: this data set includes a cross-sectional sample of three communities in the suburbs of Beirut characterized by high poverty levels and high population density. This is not the case in Lebanon where aging is taking place against a backdrop of relatively low fertility rates and high out-migration rates of young skilled workers.
Yet, policies to protect older adults in Lebanon, as is the case for social protection policies in general, are extremely weak in a country with limited resources and an unstable political system.
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Implications of the increasing dependency-ratio will have negative consequences in a country where no universal social security system exists. For example, only a small segment of the Lebanese, mainly those who work in the military or security forces, receive pensions and health benefits after retirement.
Moreover, the majority of private sector employees obtain an end-of-service indemnity upon retirement and not a pension. A large proportion of these women outlive their husbands. The majority of older Lebanese adults also lose their health coverage when they need it most Sibai et al. Beyond financial support, social and health care for elders represent another area in need of attention.
In traditional Arab families, the family, usually the daughter-in-law or daughter is expected to provide social and health care for her parents or parents-in-law in old age. Yet, with smaller family size, providing social and health care within the family is becoming a challenge. Limited support from the government makes institutional care options unevenly available to the general population. Another form of social and health care provision is immigrant women.
In the Global North, provision of care for elders by immigrant women from low-income countries is prevalent, but presents one option among few. In the absence of publically funded services or adequate policies, Lebanese families turn to hiring an immigrant woman to provide services that family members used to provide a generation or two ago. However, the sponsorship system through which immigrant women are hired is fraught with abuse. In theory, migrant women are hired through an employment agency through a sponsorship system, whereby the employee is allowed entry into Lebanon under the condition that she will work for a specific employer for two years.
In the case where a migrant domestic worker is expected to provide elderly or skilled care, her work experience is determined not only by the relationship with the older adult but also by the extent to which family members provide the caregiver with support.
A large number of institutions now provide services to older adults in Lebanon, though the majority is found in urban areas. Furthermore, a number of local NGOs are active both as service providers and advocacy groups. Informed by the active aging movement, and research and meetings in Lebanon, CSA has been advocating for instituting structural In sum, there are many issues to consider in the area of aging policy in Lebanon.
These include: the need to develop an overarching social security program for all elders, the provision of government supported formal care options, as well as better oversight and regulation of in-home immigrant care workers. Emerging Issues Political instabilities in Lebanon affect the well being of all age groups, but older adults are particularly vulnerable.
Such events introduce potential demographic changes not only when they happen inside a country but also when they take place in neighboring countries. The political conflict in Syria, which has generated one of the largest refugee crises in modern times, has exerted a heavy toll on Lebanon. While most of the displacement is internal, a large proportion of Syrians who were forced to leave their homes have fled to neighboring countries—Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon.
Among the refugee receiving countries, Lebanon has perhaps been most affected due to its small population and its own political instabilities.
Yet, in contrast to Turkey and Jordan, and in part because of its own political situation, the Lebanese government has not been included as full partner in the international humanitarian response to the Syrian refugee crisis.
In a country of four million citizens, this means that one in every five people in Lebanon is a Syrian refugee. Oftentimes, the needs of older refugees are neglected as most of the attention of international relief agencies turns to preventing malnutrition and infectious disease among children and women of reproductive age.
Moreover, older adults were twice as likely as the general Syrian refugee population to express symptoms of psychological distress. In sum, Lebanon is a country in the Arab region experiencing a rapidly aging population and unique economic circumstances. Demographic shifts due to declining fertility and mortality rates are compounded by high rates of out-migration. Research on aging is growing, with focused attention to the issues of living arrangements, social relations, and health.
Policy challenges abound concerning the financial and social realms. For better or worse, the unique historical, political, and security issues of Lebanon offer an unusual window into the large number of factors that can influence the aging experience. References Abdulrahim Servant, daughter, or employee? The health of female migrant workers in the Arab region. In Giacaman Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Survey methods and aging research in an Arab sociocultural context — a case study from Beirut, Lebanon.
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